Ultrasonic testing (ut) uses high frequency sound energy to conduct examinations and make measurements. Ultrasonic inspection can be used for flaw detection/evaluation, dimensional measurements, material characterization, and more. A typical ut inspection system consists of several functional units, such as the pulser/receiver, transducer, and display devices. A pulser/receiver is an electronic device that can produce high voltage electrical pulses. Driven by the pulser, the transducer generates high frequency ultrasonic energy. The sound energy is introduced and propagates through the materials in the form of waves. When there is a discontinuity (such as a crack) in the wave path, part of the energy will be reflected back from the flaw surface. The reflected wave signal is transformed into an electrical signal by the transducer and is displayed on a screen. In the applet below, the reflected signal strength is displayed versus the time from signal generation to when an echo was received. Signal travel time can be directly related to the distance that the signal traveled. From the signal, information about the reflector location, size, orientation and other features can sometimes be gained. The micro scratch tester is widely used to characterize adhesion failure of thin films and coatings, with a typical thickness below 5 µm. The mst is also used in the analysis of organic and inorganic; soft and hard coatings. Applications include thin and multilayer pvd, cvd, pecvd, photo resist, paints, lacquers, and many other types of films. Industries and research areas served include optical coatings, micro-electronics, protective, decorative surface coatings. Substrates may be hard or soft, including metal alloys, semiconductors, glass, refractive and organic materials. The linear tribometer reproduces the reciprocating motion typical of many real world mechanisms. The instrument measures a friction coefficient for both the forward and backward displacement of the stroke and the software generates data on hertz ian pressure, static partner and sample wear rates. The reciprocating technique is also very useful for studying the variation over time of the static coefficient of friction - as opposed to the dynamic coefficient measured with the pin-on-disk configuration. Most contact geometries can be reproduced including pin-on-plate, ball-on-plate and flat-on-plate (others on request). The linear tribometer can be equipped with a heating and cooling plate for testing under a wide variety of temperatures.